Voters across the Nordics are telling politicians to safeguard their cherished, comprehensive welfare model but Sunday’s election in Finland shows how prohibitive costs and a surge in nationalism make it hard for parties to deliver.
The Finnish Social Democrats, who played a significant role in the growth of public services after World War Two, won the ballot for the first time in two decades, feeding off a rising sense of insecurity among voters following years of austerity.
Their victory was limited, however, by a strong showing by the anti-immigrant, nationalist Finns Party, which finished a close second at 17.5 % of the vote behind the SDP’s 17.7%, final results showed.
The split underscores the fragmentation of politics in Finland and elsewhere in the Nordics where populist parties are becoming mainstream, as well as divisions over how to tackle the soaring costs of healthcare and other welfare provisions.
The Finnish left argues that tax hikes are inescapable at a time when care costs are rising and people are living longer.
Many voters in Finland agree, even though the nation has one of the highest taxation rates in the world.
The nationalists, echoing a continent-wide backlash against migration over open European Union borders, say that reversing an influx of foreigners can relieve the pressure on services.
That is a red line for Social Democratic leader Antti Rinne, a 56-year-old former trade union boss, leaving him just one option — seeking out coalition partners among centre-right groups that favour reforming welfare to cut costs.
In Finland, which struggles with one of the fastest rates of population ageing in the world, public debt is expected to fall within EU limits this year after austerity steps by the outgoing centre-right government of Prime Minister Juha Sipila.
But social and healthcare costs are expected to jump to 26.5bn euros per year ($30bn) in 2035 from 18.7bn in 2018.
That would jack up such costs as a share of gross domestic product to 9.6% in 2035 from 7.9%. At stake for the Finns is a wide array of services that now come nearly cost-free such as comprehensive healthcare, state pensions and home visits by nurses for the elderly.
The state was even more generous in earlier decades, when deductibles on medicine costs were lower and the state would pay for nannies to help with childcare free of charge while another child in the family was in hospital.
In Denmark, opinion polls ahead of an election due no later than June forecast victory for opposition parties led by the Social Democrats who are calling for a partial rollback of welfare cuts.
The Danish left has echoed some of the anti-immigration tilt of the nationalist Danish People’s Party, in what Social Democratic leader Mette Frederiksen said is an effort to ensure her party remains relevant.
Running in first place with some 28% of popular support, the Danish Social Democrats endorsed a “jewellery bill” which, passed in 2016, allows police to confiscate refugees’ valuables to help pay their costs, among other measures.
The Danish People’s Party is now polling at 14%, down from the 21% they had in 2015.
While the jewellery bill has not itself ensured their lead in the polls, it lent nuance to the Social Democrats’ stance on immigration, winning back some voters from the populists.
In Sweden, left-wing leader Stefan Lofven faced a similar dilemma.
His only route to retaining power after an inconclusive election last September was to join forces with reform-oriented liberal parties that, like his own Social Democrats, shun the fiercely nationalist Sweden Democrats.
